Testing conditions for CoMo HDS catalyst in the kinetic region: integrated approach using the math calculations and catalytic experiments

The main idea of the investigation was to define testing parameters with the lowest influence of internal and external diffusion on catalytic activity in hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene. Traditional experimental methods were used to determine the conditions for the influence of internal and external diffusion. Simultaneous change of a linear feedstock rate and a catalyst loading at constant weight hour space velocity were used to determine the process temperature (240–260 °C) at which the impact of external diffusion is minimal. Catalytic tests, including the variation of the catalyst fraction size, were carried out to define the conditions with the lowest influence of internal diffusion. It was found that when the catalyst with the fraction size of 0.1–0.25 mm was used, the fluctuation of sulfur conversion was the smallest. Besides, to validate experimental results, the calculations were performed with mass balance equations and expressions used for HDS modeling. The resulting data and catalytic experiments demonstrated that the lowest influence of internal and external diffusion is achieved at a temperature process less than 260 °C and a catalyst fraction of 0.1–0.25 mm

Clinical experience with heterologous serum products

The article contains data on the use of heterologous serum products in the treatment of some infectious diseases and snake bites. Despite achievements of preventive vaccination there are still cases of diphtheria and tetanus registered annually all over the world. Cases of botulism and gas gangrene are not uncommon either. There is also an important problem of snake bites treatment. Heterologous serum is mainly derived from the blood of horses immunized with bacterial anatoxins or toxins (snake venoms). They are included into the Russian List of Vital and Essential Medicines and in the WHO Essential Medicines List. Antivenoms are the only effective antidotes for the bites of venomous snakes, spiders, and scorpions. However, despite a self-evident demand in such products, there is a lack of antitoxic serum caused by the phasing out of its production in some countries, its low economic efficiency and stringent regulatory requirements for the safe production of blood products

Analysis of Cellular Component Indicators of Immune Status of Rhesus Macaques

Objective. Selection of indicators of lymphocyte populations in rhesus macaques determined by flow cytometry to evaluate variations of cellular constituent of their immune status.Materials and methods. Blood of 11 healthy rhesus macaque males, 2,0–2,5 years old, weighing 2,5–3,0 kg, was used. Monkeys were examined simultaneously in each of 7 months of observation (since May till November). Immunophenotyping was conducted by FC500 cytofluorimeter using Affymetrix eBioscience monoclonal antibodies. The following cellular constituent indicators of immune status were differentiated: total T lymphocytes (phenotype CD2+CD20-); total B lymphocytes (phenotype CD2-CD20+); natural killer cells (phenotype CD2+CD56+); T helper cells (phenotype CD2+CD4+); cytotoxic T lymphocytes (phenotype CD2+CD8+); double-positive T lymphocytes (phenotype CD4+CD8+) and T lymphocytes positive by antigens CD2 and CD20 (phenotype CD2+CD20+).Results and discussion. Statistical analysis of the obtained results revealed the absence of the effect of research time factor on the stated indicators. To assess changes in the cellular constituent of immune status of rhesus macaques, it is possible to use indicators that are less variable: total T and B lymphocytes, T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes and T lymphocytes with phenotype (CD2+CD20+). The use of CD56 as a marker of natural killer cells of rhesus macaques is impractical due to its low expression and a small size of the population bearing this marker. The research results may form the basis of the normative indicators of the subpopulation cell composition of immune system in rhesus macaques, which will allow the study of infected animals when assessing the quality of medical products in relation to dangerous and particularly dangerous infections

Гетерологичные сывороточные препараты в практике современной медицины

The article contains data on the use of heterologous serum products in the treatment of some infectious diseases and snake bites. Despite achievements of preventive vaccination there are still cases of diphtheria and tetanus registered annually all over the world. Cases of botulism and gas gangrene are not uncommon either. There is also an important problem of snake bites treatment. Heterologous serum is mainly derived from the blood of horses immunized with bacterial anatoxins or toxins (snake venoms). They are included into the Russian List of Vital and Essential Medicines and in the WHO Essential Medicines List. Antivenoms are the only effective antidotes for the bites of venomous snakes, spiders, and scorpions. However, despite a self-evident demand in such products, there is a lack of antitoxic serum caused by the phasing out of its production in some countries, its low economic efficiency and stringent regulatory requirements for the safe production of blood products.Представлены сведения о применении гетерологичных антитоксических сывороток для лечения некоторых инфекционных заболеваний и укусов змей. Несмотря на успехи вакцинопрофилактики, в мире ежегодно регистрируются случаи дифтерии и столбняка. Нередки случаи ботулизма и газовой гангрены. Остается актуальным вопрос о лечении при укусах змей. Гетерологичные гипериммунные сыворотки преимущественно получают из крови лошадей, иммунизированных бактериальными анатоксинами или токсинами, ядами змей. Антивеномы - единственные антидоты против укусов ядовитых змей, пауков и скорпионов. Гетерологичные сыворотки и антивеномы входят в Перечень жизненно необходимых и важнейших лекарственных средств в России и Перечень основных лекарственных средств ВОЗ. Необходимо совершенствовать работу в области стандартизации единых подходов к обоснованию требований к качеству вновь регистрируемых и находящихся в обращении на территории Российской Федерации препаратов специфических иммуноглобулинов и антитоксических сывороток для обеспечения учреждений здравоохранения эффективными и безопасными средствами экстренной специфической профилактики и лечения инфекционных заболеваний и поражений токсинами